![]() In fact, as a range of recent studies has showed, religious dissent in the early modern period was handled in a variety of ways. The Reformation was much more than a process of religious polarization that resulted in a world where varying degrees of intolerance and persecution predominated. Here too, the limits of language come to the fore as the contributing authors show the complexities behind the ways in which religiously transgressive behavior came to be labeled as such. In this volume, rooted in ongoing research at the Dresden Technical University into religious deviance, various authors show that far from condemning anyone who misbehaved, municipal and ecclesiastical authorities responded in a variety of ways to heterodox and deviant individuals. The second book is a collection of essays edited by Alexander Kästner and Gerd Schwerhoff on the rather different subject of divine wrath ( Göttlicher Zorn) and religious deviance. In the first book, Shadows of Doubt, Stefania Tutino discusses how Catholic theologians working on themes such as lying, oath-taking, rhetoric, and historiography discovered unsettling disconnections between thought, language, and reality that should seem very familiar to philosophers of the (post)modern age. And yet, as the two books to be reviewed below each make clear, the grip of language on reality in this period was considerably weaker and more complicated than even historians have long believed. ![]() Language during the Reformation era has often been perceived as dogmatic, confessionalized, and disinclined to accommodate nuances or doubt. Shadows of Doubt: Language and Truth in Post-Reformation Catholic Culture. Göttlicher Zorn und menschliches Maß: religiöse Abweichung in frühneuzeitlichen Stadtgemeinschaften.Ĭonstance: UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, 2013. I’ll shoot first.” Shadows of Doubt shows how deeply stereotypes are implicated in the most controversial criminal justice issues of our time, and how a clearer understanding of their effects can guide us toward a more just society.Alexander Kästner, Gerd Schwerhoff, eds. Other interactions display a complex and sometimes tragic interplay of assumptions: “If he thinks I’m dangerous, he might shoot. Sometimes it’s simple: Robbers tend to target those they stereotype as being more compliant. With compelling stories and extensive data on how people act as they try to commit, prevent, or punish crimes, O’Flaherty and Sethi reveal the extent to which we rely on stereotypes as shortcuts in our decision making. Offenders, victims, police officers, judges, and jurors make high-stakes decisions with limited information, under severe time pressure. In this provocative, pioneering book, economists Brendan O’Flaherty and Rajiv Sethi explore how stereotypes can shape the ways crimes unfold and how they contaminate the justice system through far more insidious, pervasive, and surprising paths than we have previously imagined.Ĭrime and punishment occur under extreme uncertainty. ![]() If you’re a robber, how do you choose your victims? As a police officer, how afraid are you of the young man you’re about to arrest? As a judge, do you think the suspect in front of you will show up in court if released from pretrial detention? As a juror, does the defendant seem guilty to you? Your answers may depend on the stereotypes you hold, and the stereotypes you believe others hold. Shadows of Doubt reveals how deeply stereotypes distort our interactions, shape crime, and deform the criminal justice system. In the wake of Atatiana Jefferson’s death at the hands of a police officer in Fort Worth, Texas, just weeks after Amber Guyger was convicted of the murder of Botham Jean in Dallas, listen to Rajiv Sethi describe on WBUR (Boston, MA)’s Here & Now what fuels the use of excessive force by police-and how to proceed when there are not just individual “bad apples” in law enforcement, but “bad orchards”: ![]()
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